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^...Hard...water#Indices...^...Orio,...Carl...D.;...Johnson,...Carl...N.;...Rees,...Simon...J.;...Chiasson,...A.;...Deng,...Zheng;...Spitler,...Jeffrey...D....Acta...Carsologica....ARI....325....budgets....more....electricity....for....water....pumping....than....ARI....330.....A..growing..number..of..jurisdictions..have..outlawed..open-loop..systems..that..drain..to..the..surface..because..these..may..drain..aquifers..or..contaminate..wells...Retrieved....2009-06-08.....This...prevents...aquifer...depletion...and...the...contamination...of...soil...or...surface...water...with...brine...or...other...compounds...from...underground.[citation...needed]....This...article...is...about...using...heat...pumps...to...heat...and...cool...buildings...using...the...earth...as...a...heat...reservoir...."Strategic...GHG...reduction...through...the...use...of...ground...source...heat...pump...technology"...(PDF)....Grout....also....protects....the....ground....water....from....contamination,....and....prevents....artesian....wells....from....flooding....the....property.....A....slinky....(also....called....coiled)....closed....loop....field....is....a....type....of....horizontal....closed....loop....where....the....pipes....overlay....each....other....(not....a....recommended....method).....ASHRAE....Transactions.....You...can...help...by...adding...to...it....Excavation...for...shallow...horizontal...loop...fields...is...about...half...the...cost...of...vertical...drilling,...so...this...is...the...most...common...layout...used...wherever...there...is...adequate...land...available....For...the...sake...of...comparing...heat...pump...appliances...to...each...other,...independently...from...other...system...components,...a...few...standard...test...conditions...have...been...established...by...the...American...Refrigerant...Institute...(ARI)...and...more...recently...by...the...International...Organization...for...Standardization....Before...drilling...the...underground...geology...needs...to...be...understood,...and...drillers...need...to...be...prepared...to...seal...the...borehole,...including...preventing...penetration...of...water...between...strata....U.S...In...2008,...the...city...centre...was...reported...to...have...risen...12cm,[34]...after...initially...sinking...a...few...millimeters.[35]...The...boring...tapped...a...naturally...pressurized...aquifer,...and...via...the...borehole...this...water...entered...a...layer...of...anhydrite,...which...expands...when...wet...as...it...forms...gypsum....^....a....b....c....European....Environment....Agency....(2008).....

Neither...of...these...standards...attempt...to...account...for...seasonal...variations....Retrieved..December..3,..2015...Retrieved..2011-03-30...Retrieved...2009-03-24....(2012a)...A..pond..loop..may..be..advantageous..where..poor..water..quality..precludes..an..open..loop,..or..where..the..system..heat..load..is..small...Soil....without....artificial....heat....addition....or....subtraction....and....at....depths....of....several....metres....or....more....remains....at....a....relatively....constant....temperature....year....round.....Oklahoma...State...University....However,...such...expenses...might...be...deemed...feasible,...as...they...may...result...in...lower...operating...costs....Incorrect...Design...can...result...in...the...system...freezing...after...a...number...of...years...or...very...inefficient...system...performance;...thus...accurate...system...design...is...critical...to...a...successful...system...[15]....Gordon....(December....1999).....Webber..built..the..first..direct..exchange..ground-source..heat..pump..in..the..late..1940s.[11]..The..first..successful..commercial..project..was..installed..in..the..Commonwealth..Building..(Portland,..Oregon)..in..1948,..and..has..been..designated..a..National..Historic..Mechanical..Engineering..Landmark..by..ASME.[12]..The..technology..became..popular..in..Sweden..in..the..1970s,..and..has..been..growing..slowly..in..worldwide..acceptance..since..then...The..lifespan..of..the..system..is..longer..than..conventional..heating..and..cooling..systems...Absorption...heat...pump...Ground-coupled...heat...exchanger...Solar...thermal...cooling...Thermosiphon...Renewable...heat...International...Ground...Source...Heat...Pump...Association...Glossary...of...geothermal...heating...and...cooling.......Should....a....standing....column....well....design....be....misapplied,....leaving....out....critical....shut-off....valves....for....example,....the....result....could....be....an....extreme....loss....in....efficiency....and....thereby....cause....operational....cost....to....be....higher....than....anticipated.....Capital..costs..are..known..to..benefit..from..economies..of..scale,..particularly..for..open..loop..systems,..so..they..are..more..cost-effective..for..larger..commercial..buildings..and..harsher..climates...Retrieved...2011-09-16....Depending....on....latitude,....the....temperature....beneath....the....upper....6....metres....(20ft)....of....Earth's....surface....maintains....a....nearly....constant....temperature....between....10....and....16C....(50....and....60F),[3]....if....the....temperature....is....undisturbed....by....the....presence....of....a....heat....pump..... bd40bc7c7a

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